Written by/photo provided by Liu Zhirong
The survey data released by the Ministry of Education on August 27, 2020 showed that the national myopia rate in primary and secondary schools increased by 11.7% in the first half of this year, and the myopia rate of high school students was as high as 85%! The topic of students’ vision decline has once again attracted social attention.
The Italian scientist, musician and painter Leonardo da Vinci said: “The eyes are the window of the soul.” Vision problems will affect reading, writing, scientific observation, and work, and even affect the normal daily life of Babaylan 1990 cloth drawCinema 1950 witch cloth draw. Vision is so important to people, the World Health Organization and the International Association for the Prevention of Blindness set the second Thursday of October each year as “World Vision Day”.
Thankfully, glasses can correct vision problems such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. The invention of glasses not only changed the fate of those with poor vision, but also promoted the development process of human civilization. You can imagine that without glasses, many people will not be able to read and write, acquire knowledge, disseminate knowledge and conduct scientific research. So what should the society today look like?
1 Online classes have caused the rate of myopia to soar
First, let’s take a look at the vision of primary and secondary school students in my country.
On April 29, 2019, data released by the National Health Commission showed that the overall myopia rate among children and adolescents in 2018 was 53.6%, of which 6-year-old children were 14.5%, primary school students were 36%, junior high school students were 71.6%, and high school students were 81%.
On August 27, 2020, the Ministry of Education announced the national survey on myopia in primary and secondary schools. In the first six months of the year, the myopia rate of primary and secondary school students in the country increased by 11.7% compared with the end of 2019. Among them, the myopia rate of primary and secondary school students increased by 15.2%, the myopia rate of junior high school students increased by 8.2%, and the myopia rate of high school students increased by 3.8%. The survey also shows that one hour of myopia test is taken every day.The rate of myopia detection rate is 45.8%, the rate of myopia detection rate for one hour to 2.5 hours of online classes every day is 49.3%, the rate of myopia detection rate for 2.5 hours to 4 hours of online classes every day is 62.4%, and the rate of myopia detection rate for more than 4 hours of online classes every day is 76.7%.
This survey also confirms that various display screens have great damage to people’s vision, and the longer they look at the monitor, the more myopia is, the more we are. We must minimize our dependence on television, computers, and mobile phones in our study, work and life.
On October 8, 2019, the World Vision Report released by the World Health Organization showed that more than 800 million patients with myopia and hyperopia faced inconvenience in life because they did not have glasses. Wearing glasses can effectively correct visual acuity deficits. The reason why so many people do not wear glasses is mainly because of the lack of understanding of glasses.
2 Crystal lenses 2,700 years ago were discovered in Assyrian ruins
Babaylan 1990 cloth draw Archaeological discovery that lenses were found during the Assyrian civilization period (2500 BC-612 BC). Archaeologists discovered crystal lenses built between 750 BC and 710 BC on Assyrian civilization sites. Scholars speculate that this lens may have been used as a magnifying glass at that time. This is the earliest lens found in the world.
Records records that in ancient Greece and Roman periods, there were people using glasses in the Komiks 1960 witch cloth drawCinema 1950 witch cloth draw. The ancient Roman writer Pliny the Sr. (23-79) mentioned that the tyrant Nero (37-68) held lenses when watching the gladiator’s gladiator to see more clearly.
Ancient Roman writer Seneca (4-65 years) read in a glass container filled with water. The circular glass container holds water as a convex lens and can correct hyperopia.
Ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer Crodis Ptolemy (9Babaylan 1990 cloth draw0-168) in his book Optics, there is a description of the magnification of convex lenses.
MedievalKomiks 1960 witch cloth drawArab thinker and physicist Alha (965-1040) wrote a book called “Principles of Optics”, which also contains convex lens imaging. This book is about future light. Draw‘s research had a significant impact. During this period, the glass manufacturing industry in Italy was also very prosperous, using glass to make convex lenses for reading, which was very popular in the Mediterranean coast, and even spread to farther east as trade spread.
In 1262, British philosopher and scientist Roger Bacon conducted a lot of research on the principle of convex imaging and calculated the focal length of the spherical mirror, which played a huge role in the future development of ophthalmic optics. Bacon wrote: “Crystal, glass or other transparent substances made into part of the sphere, so that the convex surface faces the eyes can see very small words or subtle objects more clearly. This tool is useful to everyone; for those with weak eyesight, such as Babaylan 1990 cloth draw, if its magnification is large enough, no matter how small the word is, it can be clearly identified. ”
3 Italy invented double-lens glasses to correct vision in 1286
Let me explain here that there are many types of glasses, such as goggles, swimming goggles, sunglasses, fashion glasses, etc. This article discusses eye-linked eyes. Komiks 1960 witch clothes draw glasses, which do not involve other types of glasses.
Double-lens glasses to correct vision on the bridge of the nose were invented by Italians in 1286. This should be the origin of modern glasses.
A member of the Italian Popozo family wrote in 1289: “I am so old, if I don’t have glasses, I would not be able to read it. href=”https://comicmov.com/”>Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw and writing. “This shows that in 1289, glasses were not a rare thing in Italy.
The Italian monk Giordano mentioned in an article published on February 23, 1306: “Two decades ago, the skill of making glasses was invented, so that people with poor eyesight could see it.Clearly…I knew this inventor and talked to him. ”
The Italian scholar Carlo Dati said that in his book “St. Catherine in Pisa: Ancient Chronicles of My Church” published in 1313, he read: “In a monastery in Pisa, there was a monk named Alessandro de la Spiena. He heard that someone invented glasses, but he was unwilling to disclose this technology, so he developed glasses manufacturing technology and shared the joy of this invention with everyone with joy. “Alessandro is a colleague of Giordano mentioned above. From this, it can be inferred that although Alessandro is not the first person to invent glasses, he is the first person to disclose glasses manufacturing technology.
So, when you have vision problems, you should thank the Italian Alessandro 730 years ago.
4 Double-lens glasses became popular in Italy in the early 14th century
I found through a large number of historical documents that double-lens glasses became popular in Italy in the early 14th century, mainly due to the progress of Italian glass manufacturing technology.
In 1301, the Glasses Industry Association was established in Venice, Italy, and the World Glass Manufacturing Center Venice also became the World Glass Manufacturing Center, and glass manufacturing has formed a large-scale industry. The chapter “From Glasses to Telescopes: Renaissance Vision” published in the 2007 chapter of the American Philosophy Association mentioned that Italy shipped a ship of glasses to the Middle East at one time, with as many as 24,000 pairs.
The famous Italian scholar Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374) wore glasses at the age of 60; Italian writer Franco Saketti (1335-1400) also often mentions glasses in his book “Three Hundred Short Stories”.
The earliest paintings found to be worn with glasses are portraits drawn by Italian painter Tomaso da Modena for the red-clothed Catholic Bishop Hugh Provence in 1352. The archbishop in the painting is copying something in the library wearing glasses. From the picture, we can see that glasses are made of gold. Komiks 1960 witch clothes The drawRiveted two lenses of the beam, clamped on the bridge of the nose using the elasticity of metal, which is the “snap glasses”.
A pair of physical snap glasses found in a monastery in Czeler, Germany was manufactured around 1400.
Earing the 15th century, there are more records about glasses in the literature of Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw. Master, a painter from Heiligen Clauz, Austria, drew the “Austria” on the altar of a church in Germany.The Death of the Virgin Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw, on which a saint wore glasses to study the scriptures. This painting was drawn around 1403.
On August 25, 1451, in Italy, Alduino da Barca of Fella, wrote to Piero di Cosimo de Medici, who received four pairs of glasses, and three of the three in Komiks 1960 witch clothes draw were myopia glasses. It can be seen that at the latest in 1451, Italy had myopia mirrors. Myopia lenses are concave lenses, and their manufacturing technology is more complicated than convex lenses.
Pope Leo X (1475-1523) had myopia, and he wore a concave myopia glasses.
A portrait of the archbishop wearing glasses painted by Spanish painter El Greco in about 1600. The glasses were wrapped around the ears with a string as an ear hanging. Except for the ear hanging, their appearance is no different from the current glasses.
5 By 1825, the femtoglass, myopia mirrors and astigmatism were all invented
The invention and development of glasses came first and then the theory. The theory of glasses correcting vision was gradually established later. In 1604, German astronomer Johannes Kepler published a paper on the principle of imaging of convex lenses and concave lenses, revealing why convex lenses can correct hyperopia, while concave lenses can correct myopia. Lens optical theory has played a guiding role in the later development of glasses.
In 1784, American scientist and politician Benjamin Franklin invented hyperopia and myopia bipolar glasses.
In 1825, British astronomer George Eli invented cylindrical lenses to correct astigmatism. At this point, hyperopia, myopia and astigmatism were invented.
From the second half of the 18th century to the early 19th century, “scissor glasses” were also very popular, that is, two lenses were installed on two lens holders, and the ends of the two lens holders were riveted on the same shaft like scissors, folded together when not in use, and opened and used when in use. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) used scissors and glasses.
The common legs glasses nowadays were in 1727It was invented by Edward Scarlett, a British manufacturer of glasses (168Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw8-1743).
Around 1790, a single-lens glasses were invented in the UK, which used the power of the upper and lower eyelids to fix the lens.
In the early 20th century, German optical lens designer Moritz von Roll (1868-1940), who worked for the German Carl Zeiss company, invented aspherical lenses, also called Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw “Zeiss lenses”, which were lighter, thinner and flatter. Soon, aspherical lenses dominated the world’s glasses industry. Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw
In 1954, an engineer from the French Ishilu Company invented resin lenses. Since then, resin lenses have gradually become the mainstream material lenses for glasses.
6 Leonardo da Vinci is the “father of contact lenses”
Finally, let’s talk about contact lenses. Contact lenses are called “contact glasses” abroad, which means that the lenses come into contact with the eyeball when worn.
Da Vinci explored contact lenses in 1508, explained the imaging principles, and drew structural diagrams. Although he did not create practical contact lenses, he was respectfully called “the father of contact lenses” because he first proposed this idea.
After Da Vinci proposed the idea of contact lenses, people have been exploring the manufacturing process of these glasses, but it was not until 380 years later that practical contact lenses were developed. In 1888, German scientist Adolf Eugene Fick successfully made the world’s first practical contact lens with glass. Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw
Wearing contact lenses made of glass is certainly not comfortable, and people are always looking for soft transparent bodies to replace glass-making contact lenses.
In 1960, Czech scientist Otto Witler invented a hydrophilic resin material that will become soft after absorbing water. This material has a certain breathability and is suitable for making contact lenses. He published this invention in the American scientific journal Nature, titled “Hyperphilic gels for biological purposes.”
In 1961, Witler assembled a contact lens manufacturing machine in his home using parts and other parts removed from his son’s toy. With the help of his wife, he produced hundreds of soft contact lenses in a week. Since then, Witler has been called “Soft Contact”.The father of shape glasses.
In 1971, after Bausch Lon Corporation of the United States was approved by the US Food and Food Administration, it put a large number of contact lens soft lenses on the market, achieving great success.
In 1998, Sicon Contact Lens Company of the United States developed contact lenses with better breathability in the world, which are more comfortable and clear after wearing, and can be worn for a month without taking them out.
Now, glasses are a very common item in daily life. Few people have thought about the invention and evolution of glasses, accompanied by countless people, for this The common purpose of their tireless pursuit and exploration is to let humans see the things in front of them, gain accurate sensory understanding, make work more efficient, and make life easier.
Invention and innovation are the driving force for the development of human civilization. Even an inconspicuous invention or even a minor improvement will leave a brilliant glory in the history of human civilization. I believe that a large number of people are still not satisfied with the current situation of glasses and believe that glasses are not perfect at present. We must continue to explore, invent new materials, improve mirror making technology, and make human life better.